New Brunswick (French French is a Romance language spoken as a first language by about 136 million people worldwide. Around 190 million people speak French as a second language, and an additional 200 million speak it as an acquired foreign language. French speaking communities are present in 57 countries and territories. Most native speakers of the language live in: Nouveau-Brunswick; pronounced: [nuvobʁɔnzwik]) is one of Canada The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three's three Maritime provinces The Maritime provinces, also called the Maritimes or the Canadian Maritimes, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. On the Atlantic coast, the Maritimes are a subregion of Atlantic Canada. The population of the Maritime provinces was 1,826,896 in 2008 and is the only constitutionally The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions and conventions. It outlines Canada's system of government, as well as the civil rights of all Canadian citizens. Interpretation of the Constitution is called Canadian constitutional law bilingual Official bilingualism is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies, constitutional provisions, and laws which give English and French a special legal status over other languages in Canada’s courts, parliament and administration province (English English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, and of and French French is a Romance language spoken as a first language by about 136 million people worldwide. Around 190 million people speak French as a second language, and an additional 200 million speak it as an acquired foreign language. French speaking communities are present in 57 countries and territories. Most native speakers of the language live in) in the federation.^[4] The provincial capital is Fredericton Fredericton is the capital of the Canadian province of New Brunswick, by virtue of the provincial parliament which sits there. An important cultural, artistic, and educational centre for the province (and for Eastern Canada at large), Fredericton is home to two universities, as well as cultural institutions such as the Beaverbrook Art Gallery, the. Statistics Canada Statistics Canada is the Canadian federal government agency commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture. The bureau is commonly called StatCan or StatsCan although StatCan is the official abbreviation. It has regularly been considered the best statistical estimates the provincial population in 2009 to be 750,457; a majority are English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone The adjective francophone means French-speaking, typically as primary language, whether referring to individuals, groups, or places. Often, the word is used as a noun to describe a natively French-speaking person minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian Acadian French , English, or both; some areas speak Chiac; those who have resettled to Quebec typically speak Quebec French origin.

The province's name comes from the English and French partial transcription of the city of Braunschweig Braunschweig , (known as Brunswiek [ˈbrɔˑnsviːk] in Low German and Brunswick in English), is a city of 245,810 people (as of 31 December 2007), located in the federal-state of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river, which connects to the North Sea via the rivers Aller in northern Germany A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, (and former duchy of the same name), the ancestral home of the Hanoverian The House of Hanover is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (German: Braunschweig-Lüneburg), the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in King George III George III was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of these two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. He was concurrently Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and prince-elector of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire until his of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927. It was formed by the merger of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland, with Ireland being governed directly from Westminster through its Dublin Castle administration.

Contents 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 The French Colonial era 2.2 The British Colonial era 2.3 A Canadian province 3 Demographics 3.1 Ethnicity 3.2 Population since 1851 3.3 Languages 3.4 Religion 4 Economy 4.1 Tourism 5 Government and politics 6 Municipalities 7 Education 8 Culture 9 Media outlets 10 Photo gallery 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links

Geography

Main article: Geography of New Brunswick New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces, and the only officially bilingual province (French and English) in the country. Its capital is Fredericton

New Brunswick is bounded on the north by Quebec Quebec is the second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, the's Gaspé Peninsula The Gaspésie or also Gaspé Peninsula or the Gaspé is a peninsula constituting part of the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, in Quebec, Canada. It extends into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and is separated from New Brunswick by the baie des Chaleurs and the Restigouche River.Gaspesie is a touristic region of Quebec and by Chaleur Bay Baie des Chaleurs - also known as Chaleur Bay or Bay of Chaleur - is an arm of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence located between Quebec and New Brunswick. It bathes 120 km of the northeastern shore of New Brunswick and most of the Gaspésie's south shore. It is nearly 50 km wide between Bathurst and New Carlisle and is over twenty-five kilometres wide. Along the east coast, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence The Gulf of Saint Lawrence , the world's largest estuary, is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. It is a semi–enclosed sea, covering an area of about 236,000 km2 (91,000 sq mi) and containing 35,000 km3 (2.8×1010 acre·ft) of water (including the St. Lawrence estuary). It opens to the and Northumberland Strait The Northumberland Strait is a strait in the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in eastern Canada. The strait is formed by Prince Edward Island and the gulf's southern and western shores form the boundaries. In the southeast corner of the province, the narrow Isthmus of Chignecto The Isthmus of Chignecto is an isthmus bordering the Maritime provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia which connects the Nova Scotia peninsula with North America connects New Brunswick to the Nova Scotia peninsula The Nova Scotia peninsula is a peninsula on the Atlantic coast of North America. The south of the province is bounded by the Bay of Fundy The Bay of Fundy is a bay on the Atlantic coast of North America, on the northeast end of the Gulf of Maine between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, with a small portion touching the U.S. state of Maine. Some sources believe the name "Fundy" is a corruption of the French word "Fendu", meaning "split&, with a rise of 16 m (52 ft), is among the highest tides in the world, and, in the west, the province borders the U.S. state A U.S. state is any one of 50 federated states of the United States of America that share sovereignty with the federal government. Because of this shared sovereignty, an American is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of domicile. Four states use the official title of commonwealth rather than state. State citizenship is of Maine The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking peoples. The first European settlement in Maine was in 1604 by a French party. The first English settlement in Maine, the short-lived Popham Colony, was established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast.

New Brunswick differs from the other Maritime provinces physiographically, climatologically, and ethnoculturally. Both Nova Scotia Nova Scotia's economy is traditionally largely resource-based, but has diversified since the middle of the 20th century. Industries such as fishing, mining, forestry and agriculture remain very important and have been joined by tourism, technology, film, music and finance and Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island is a Canadian province consisting of an island of the same name, as well as other islands. The maritime province is the smallest in the nation in both land area and population (excluding the territories). The island has a few other names: "Garden of the Gulf" referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural are either surrounded by, or are almost surrounded by water. Oceanic effects therefore tend to define their climate, economy, and culture. On the other hand, New Brunswick, although having a significant seacoast, is sheltered from the Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres , it covers approximately twenty percent of the Earth's surface and about twenty-six percent of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to the Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the " proper and has a large interior that is removed from oceanic influences. As a result, the climate tends to be more continental Continental climate is a climate that is characterized by winter temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of snow each year, and relatively moderate precipitation occurring mostly in summer, although east coast areas may show an even distribution of precipitation. Regions containing a continental climate exist in portions of the Northern in character rather than maritime An oceanic climate is the climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of some of the world's continents, and in southeastern Australia. Climates near the ocean have moderately cool summers and comparatively warm winters, they are generally characterized by a narrower annual range of temperatures than are encountered in. The settlement patterns and the economy of New Brunswick are affected by these factors and are based more on the province's river systems rather than its seacoasts.

The major river systems of the province include the St. Croix River, Saint John River The Saint John River is a river, approximately 418 miles (673 km) long, located principally in the Canadian province of New Brunswick but also in, and arising from the U.S. state of Maine. It forms part of the Canada – United States border in two different places along its length. The river drains an area of approximately 55,000 square, Kennebecasis River The Kennebecasis River, pronounced ke-ne-buh-KAY-sis, is located in southern New Brunswick, Canada. The name Kennebecasis is thought to be derived from the Mik'maq "Kenepekachiachk", meaning "little long bay place." It runs for approximately 97 kilometres, draining an area in the Caledonia Highlands , inland from the Bay of, Petitcodiac River Because of its colour, it is often nicknamed the "Chocolate River". The river is 129 km long and has a drainage basin of more than 2,000 km². There are approximately 175,000 people living in the watershed, Miramichi River, Nepisiguit River The Nepisiguit River is a major river in New Brunswick, Canada. The source of the river lies north of the Christmas Mountains, in the rugged terrain between Mount Carleton, and Big Bald Mountain . The river enters the sea at the city of Bathurst, New Brunswick, on the Bay of Chaleur. Several falls are present along the river's course, including, and the Restigouche River. Although smaller, Bouctouche River, Richibucto River The Richibucto River is a river in eastern New Brunswick which empties into the Northumberland Strait north of Richibucto, New Brunswick. It is 80 kilometres long and Kouchibouguac River also played an important part in community development around the rivers. Northern New Brunswick lies within the Appalachian Mountains Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, with the northwestern part of the province consisting of the remote and rugged Miramichi Highlands as well as the Chaleur Uplands and the Notre Dame Mountains The Notre Dame Mountains are a portion of the Appalachian Mountains, extending from the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec to the Green Mountains of Vermont, with a maximum elevation at Mount Carleton of 817 m (2,680 ft). The New Brunswick Lowlands form the eastern and central portions of the province while the Caledonia Highlands and St. Croix Highlands extend along the Bay of Fundy coastal region, reaching elevations of more than 300 m (984 ft). The total land and water area of the province is 72,908 km² (28,150 sq mi), over 80% of which is forested. Agricultural lands are found mostly in the upper Saint John River valley, with lesser amounts of farmland in the southeast of the province, especially in the Kennebecasis and Petitcodiac river valleys. The three major urban centres An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages and hamlets are in the southern third of the province.

History

Main article: History of New Brunswick New Brunswick , is one of the three Maritime provinces in Canada, and the only officially bilingual province (French and English) in the country. The history of New Brunswick can be viewed according to four periods: pre-European contact, French colonization, British colonization and finally, New Brunswick since confederation

The original First Nations First Nations is a term of ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. There are currently over 630 recognised First Nations governments or bands spread across Canada, roughly half of which are in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. The total population is nearly 700,000 people. Under the inhabitants of New Brunswick were members of three distinct tribes. The largest tribe was the Mi'kmaq The Míkmaq are a First Nations (Native American) people, indigenous to northeastern New England, Canada's Atlantic Provinces, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. The nation has a population of about 40,000 of whom nearly 11,000 speak the Algonquian language Lnuísimk, more commonly known as "Micmac". Once written in Míkmaq hieroglyphic.^[5], and they occupied the eastern and coastal areas of the province. They were responsible for the Augustine mound which was built about 800 BC (2800 bp), near Metepnákiaq (Red Bank First Nation). The western portion of the province was the traditional home of the Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet) people. The smaller Passamaquoddy The Passamaquoddy are a Native American/First Nations people who live in northeastern North America, primarily in Maine and New Brunswick. The Passamaquoddy, who lacked a written history before the arrival of Europeans, occupied coastal regions along the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine and along the St. Croix River and its tributaries. They tribe occupied lands in the southwest of the province.

The French Colonial era

Main article: History of the Acadians The Acadians are the descendants of the original French settlers and often Métis, of parts of Acadia (French: Acadie) in the northeastern region of North America comprising what is now the Canadian Maritime Provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, Gaspé, in Quebec, and parts of the American state of Maine

Although it is possible that Vikings may have reached as far south as New Brunswick, the first known European exploration of New Brunswick was that of French France (pronounced /ˈfrænts/ frantss or /ˈfrɑːnts/ frahnts; French pronunciation (help·info): [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a state in Western Europe with several of its overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, explorer Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier was a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France. He was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec in 1534, who discovered and named the Bay of Chaleur. The next French contact was in 1604, when a party led by Pierre du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain Samuel de Champlain ( IPA: [samɥɛl də ʃɑ̃plɛ̃] ), "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat and chronicler, who founded Quebec City on July 3, 1608 set up camp for the winter on St.Croix Island Saint Croix Island , long known to locals as Dochet Island, is a small uninhabited island in Maine near the mouth of the Saint Croix River that forms part of the International Boundary separating Maine from New Brunswick, between New Brunswick and Maine. The colony relocated the following year across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal, Nova Scotia Port Royal is a small rural community in the western part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. It is located on the north shore of the Annapolis Basin, a sub-basin of the Bay of Fundy, near the town of Annapolis Royal. Port Royal is the first permanent European settlement in North America north of Florida, having been founded in 1605 by Pierre. Over the next 150 years, a number of other French settlements and seigneuries were founded in the area occupied by present day New Brunswick, including along the St. John River, the upper Bay of Fundy region, in the Tantramar Marshes at Beaubassin, and finally at St. Pierre (site of present day Bathurst). The whole maritime region (as well as parts of Maine) was at that time claimed by France and was designated as the colony of Acadia.

One of the provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 was the surrender of peninsular Nova Scotia to the British. The bulk of the Acadian population thus found themselves residing in the new British colony of Nova Scotia. The remainder of Acadia (including the New Brunswick region) was only lightly populated and poorly defended. In 1750, in order to protect their territorial interests in what remained of Acadia, France built two forts (Fort Beauséjour and Fort Gaspareaux) along the frontier with Nova Scotia at either end of the Isthmus of Chignecto. A major French fortification (Fortress of Louisbourg) was also built on Ile Royale (now Cape Breton Island), but the function of this fort was mostly to defend the approaches to the colony of Canada, not Acadia.

As part of the Seven Years' War (1756–63), the British extended their control to include all of New Brunswick. Fort Beauséjour (near Sackville) was captured by a British force commanded by Lt. Col. Robert Monckton in 1755. Acadians of the nearby Beaubassin and Petitcodiac regions were subsequently expelled in the Great Upheaval. Some of the Acadians in the Petitcodiac and Memramcook region escaped, and under the leadership of Joseph Broussard continued to conduct guerrilla action against the British forces for a couple of years. Other actions in the war included British expeditions up the St. John River in both 1758 and 1759. Fort Anne (Fredericton) fell during the 1759 campaign, and following this, all of present-day New Brunswick came under British control.

The British Colonial era

After the Seven Years' War, most of present day New Brunswick (and parts of Maine) were absorbed into the colony of Nova Scotia and designated as Sunbury County. New Brunswick's relatively isolated location on the Bay of Fundy, away from the Atlantic coastline proper tended to discourage settlement during the postwar period. There were several exceptions however, such as the coming of New England Planters to the Sackville region and the arrival of Pennsylvania Dutch settlers in Moncton in 1766. In both these cases, the new settlers took up land that had originally belonged to displaced Acadians before the deportation.

The American Revolutionary War had little direct effect on the New Brunswick region, aside from an attack on Fort Cumberland (the renamed Fort Beauséjour) by rebel sympathizers led by Jonathan Eddy. Significant population growth in the area finally came when 14,000 refugee Loyalists from the United States arrived on the Saint John River in 1783. Influential Loyalists such as Harvard-educated Edward Winslow saw themselves as the natural leaders of their community and that they should be recognized for their rank and that their loyalty deserved special compensation.^[6] However they were not appreciated by the pre-loyalist population in Nova Scotia. As Colonel Thomas Dundas wrote from Saint John, "They [the loyalists] have experienced every possible injury from the old inhabitants of Nova Scotia."^[7] Therefore 55 prominent merchants and professionals petitioned for 5,000-acre grants each. Winslow pressed for the creation of a "Loyalist colony" — an asylum that could become "the envy of the American states".^[8] Nova Scotia was therefore partitioned, and the colony of New Brunswick was created on August 16, 1784; Sir Thomas Carleton was appointed as Lieutenant-Governor in 1784, and in 1785 a new assembly was established with the first elections.

Even though the bulk of the Loyalist population was located in Parrtown (Saint John), the decision was made by the colonial authorities to place the new colonial capital at St. Anne's Point (Fredericton), about 150 km up the Saint John River as it was felt that by placing the capital inland, it would be less vulnerable to American attack. The University of New Brunswick was founded at Fredericton at the same time (1785), making it the oldest English language university in Canada and the first public university in North America.

Initial Loyalist population growth in the new colony extended along the Fundy coastline from Saint Andrews to Saint Martins and up the Kennebecasis and lower Saint John River valleys.

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, some of the deported Acadians from Nova Scotia found their way back to "Acadie," where they settled mostly along the eastern and northern shores of the new colony of New Brunswick. Here, they lived in relative (and in many ways, self-imposed) isolation.

Additional immigration to New Brunswick in the early part of the 19th century was from Scotland; western England; and Waterford, Ireland, often after first having come through (or having lived in) Newfoundland. A large influx of settlers arrived in New Brunswick after 1845 from Ireland as a result of the Potato Famine; many of these people settled in Saint John or Chatham. Both Saint John and the Miramichi region remain largely Irish today.

The northwestern border between Maine and New Brunswick had not been clearly defined by the Treaty of Paris (1783) that had ended the American Revolution. By the late 1830s, population growth and competing lumber interests in the upper Saint John River valley created the need for a definite boundary in the area. During the winter of 1838–39, the situation quickly deteriorated, with both Maine and New Brunswick calling out their respective militias. The "Aroostook War" was bloodless (but politically very tense), and the boundary was subsequently settled by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842.

Throughout the mid 19th century, shipbuilding, both on the Bay of Fundy shore and also on the Miramichi River, Richibucto River and many others to become the dominant industry in New Brunswick. The Marco Polo, the fastest clipper ship ever built, was launched from Saint John in 1851. Resource-based industries such as logging and farming were also important components of the New Brunswick economy during this time.

A Canadian province

Current licence plate.

New Brunswick, one of the four original provinces of Canada, entered the Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867. The Charlottetown Conference of 1864, which ultimately led to the confederation movement, originally had been intended to discuss only a Maritime Union, but concerns over the American Civil War as well as Fenian activity along the border led to an interest in expanding the scope of the proposed union. This interest in an expanded union arose from the Province of Canada (formerly Upper and Lower Canada, later Ontario and Quebec), and a request was made by the Canadian political leaders to the organizers of the Maritime conference to have the meeting agenda altered. Although the Maritime leaders were swayed by the arguments of the Canadians, many ordinary residents of the Maritimes wanted no part of this larger confederation for fear that their interests and concerns would be ignored in a wider national union. Many politicians who supported confederation, such as Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley (New Brunswick's best-known Father of Confederation), found themselves without a seat after the next election; nevertheless, backers of the wider confederation eventually prevailed.

Following confederation, the fears of the anti-confederates were proven correct as new national policies and trade barriers were soon adopted by the central government, thus disrupting the historic trading relationship between the Maritime Provinces and New England. The situation in New Brunswick was exacerbated by both the Great Fire of 1877 in Saint John and the decline of the wooden shipbuilding industry; skilled workers were thus forced to move to other parts of Canada or to the United States to seek employment. As the 20th century dawned, however, the province's economy again began to expand. Manufacturing gained strength with the construction of several textile mills; and in the crucial forestry sector, the sawmills that had dotted inland sections of the province gave way to larger pulp and paper mills. The railway industry, meanwhile, provided for growth and prosperity in the Moncton region. Nevertheless, unemployment remained high throughout the province, and the Great Depression brought another setback. Two influential families, the Irvings and the McCains, emerged from the Depression to begin to modernise and vertically integrate the provincial economy—especially in the vital forestry, food processing, and energy sectors.

The Acadians in northern New Brunswick had long been geographically and linguistically isolated from the more numerous English-speakers, who lived in the south of the province. Government services were often not available in French, and the infrastructure in predominantly Francophone areas was noticeably less developed than in the rest of the province; this changed with the election of Premier Louis Robichaud in 1960. He embarked on the ambitious Equal Opportunity Plan, in which education, rural road maintenance, and health care fell under the sole jurisdiction of a provincial government that insisted on equal coverage of all areas of the province. County councils were abolished, and the rural areas came under direct provincial jurisdiction. The 1969 Official Languages Act made French an official language.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of New Brunswick

Ethnicity

First Nations in New Brunswick include the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet (Wolastoqiyik). The first European settlers, the Acadians, are today descendants of survivors of the Great Expulsion (1755), which drove several thousand French residents into exile in North America, Britain, and France for refusing to take an oath of allegiance to King George III during the French and Indian War. American Acadians, who were deported to Louisiana, are referred to as Cajuns.

Much of the English Canadian population of New Brunswick is descended from Loyalists who fled the American Revolution. This is commemorated in the province's motto, Spem reduxit ("hope was restored"). There is also a significant population with Irish ancestry, especially in Saint John and the Miramichi Valley. People of Scottish descent are scattered throughout the province, with higher concentrations in the Miramichi and in Campbellton.

In the 2001 Canadian census, the most commonly reported ethnicities were 193,470 French (26.9%); 165,235 English (23.0%); 135,835 Irish (18.9%); 127,635 Scottish (17.7%); 27,490 German (3.8%); 26,220 Acadians (3.6%); 23,815 "North American Indian" (First Nations) (3.3%); 13,355 Dutch (Netherlands) (1.9%); and 7,620 Welsh (1.1%). It should be noted that 242,220 people (33.7%) identified themselves as simply "Canadian" or "Canadien," while 173,585 (24.1%) also selected another ethnicity—for a total of 415,810 (57.8%) calling themselves Canadian. (Each person could choose more than one ethnicity.)^[9]

Population since 1851

Year	Population	Five year % change	Ten year % change	Rank among provinces
1851	193,800	n/a	n/a	4
1861	252,047	n/a	30.0	4
1871	285,594	n/a	13.3	4
1881	321,233	n/a	12.5	4
1891	321,263	n/a	0.0	4
1901	331,120	n/a	3.1	4
1911	351,889	n/a	6.3	8
1921	387,876	n/a	10.2	8
1931	408,219	n/a	5.2	8
1941	457,401	n/a	12.0	8
1951	515,697	n/a	12.7	8
1956	554,616	7.5	n/a	8
1961	597,936	7.8	15.9	8
1966	616,788	3.2	11.2	8
1971	634,560	2.9	6.9	8
1976	677,250	6.7	9.8	8
1981	696,403	2.8	9.7	8
1986	709,445	1.9	4.8	8
1991	723,900	2.0	3.9	8
1996	738,133	2.0	4.0	8
2001	729,498	-1.2	0.8	8
2006	729,997	0.1	-0.1	8

^[10][11]

Languages

The 2006 Canadian census showed a population of 729,997. Of the 708,145 singular responses to the census question concerning "mother tongue," the most commonly reported languages were:

1.	English	463,163	64.83%
2.	French	232,975	32.61%
3.	Míkmaq	2,515	0.35%
4.	Chinese	2,160	0.30%
5.	German	1,935	0.27%
6.	Dutch	1,290	0.18%
7.	Spanish	1,040	0.15%
8.	Arabic	970	0.14%
9.	Korean	630	0.09%
10.	Italian	590	0.08%
11.	Malecite	490	0.07%
12.	Persian	460	0.06%

In addition, there were 560 responses of both English and a "nonofficial language"; 120 of both French and a nonofficial language; 4,450 of both English and French; 30 of English, French, and a nonofficial language; and about 10,300 people who either did not respond to the question, reported multiple nonofficial languages, or gave some other unenumerated response. New Brunswick's official languages are shown in bold. Figures shown are for the number of single-language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.^[12]

Religion

The largest denominations by number of adherents according to the 2001 census were the Roman Catholic Church, with 385,985 (54%); Baptists, with 80,490 (11%); the United Church of Canada, with 69,235 (10%); the Anglicans, with 58,215 (8%); the Pentecostals with 20,155 (3%).^[13][14]

Economy

New Brunswick's urban areas have modern, service-based economies dominated by the health care, educational, retail, finance, and insurance sectors. These sectors are reasonably equitably distributed in all three principal urban centres. In addition, heavy industry and port facilities are found in Saint John; Fredericton is dominated by government services, universities, and the military; and Moncton has developed as a commercial, retail, transportation, and distribution centre with important rail and air terminal facilities.

The rural primary economy is best known for forestry, mining, mixed farming, and fishing.

Forestry is important in all areas of the province, but especially in the heavily forested central regions. There are many sawmills in the smaller towns and several large pulp and paper mills located in Saint John, Miramichi, Nackawic, and Edmundston.

Heavy metals, including lead and zinc, are mined in the north around Bathurst. One of the world's largest potash deposits is located in Sussex; a second potash mine, costing over a billion dollars, is in development in the Sussex region. Oil and natural gas deposits are also being developed in the Sussex region.

Farming is concentrated in the upper Saint John River valley (in the northwest portion of the province), where the most valuable crop is potatoes. Mixed and dairy farms are found elsewhere, but especially in the southeast, concentrated in the Kennebecasis and Petitcodiac river valleys.

The most valuable fish catches are lobster, scallops and king crab. The farming of Atlantic salmon in the Passamaquoddy Bay region is an important local industry.

The largest employers in the province are the Irving group of companies, several large multinational forest companies, the government of New Brunswick, and the McCain group of companies.

Tourism

See also: List of protected areas of New Brunswick

Some of the province's tourist attractions include the New Brunswick Museum, Kouchibouguac National Park, Mactaquac Provincial Park, the Beaverbrook Art Gallery, Kings Landing Historical Settlement, Village Historique Acadien, Les Jardins de la Republique, Parlee Beach, Hopewell Rocks, La Dune de Bouctouche, Saint John Reversing Falls, Magnetic Hill and the Magnetic Hill Zoo, Crystal Palace, Magic Mountain Water Park, Cape Jourimain National Wildlife Preserve, Sugarloaf Provincial Park, Sackville Waterfowl Park, Fundy National Park, and the 41 km (25 mi) Fundy Hiking Trail.

Government and politics

Main articles: Politics of New Brunswick and Monarchy in New Brunswick NB Legislative Building, seat of New Brunswick Government since 1882.

New Brunswick has a unicameral legislature with 55 seats. Elections are held at least every five years, but may be called at any time by the Lieutenant Governor (the viceregal representative) on consultation with the Premier. The Premier is the leader of the party that holds the most seats in the legislature.

There are two dominant political parties in New Brunswick, the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party. While consistently polling approximately 10% of the electoral vote since the early 1980s, the New Democratic Party has elected few members to the Legislative Assembly. From time to time, other parties, such as the Confederation of Regions Party, have held seats in the legislature, but only on the strength of a strong protest vote.

The dynamics of New Brunswick politics are different from those of other Canadian provinces. The lack of a dominant urban centre in the province means that the government has to be responsive to issues affecting all areas of the province. In addition, the presence of a large Francophone minority dictates that consensus politics is necessary, even when there is a majority government present. In this manner, the ebb and flow of New Brunswick provincial politics parallels the federal stage.

Since 1960, the province has elected a succession of young bilingual leaders. This combination of attributes has permitted recent premiers of New Brunswick to be disproportionately influential players on the federal stage. Former Premier Bernard Lord (Progressive Conservative) has been touted as a potential leader of the Conservative Party of Canada. Frank McKenna (premier, 1987–97), had been considered to be a front-runner to lead the Liberal Party of Canada. Richard Hatfield (premier, 1970–87) played an active role in the patriation of the Canadian constitution and creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Louis Robichaud (premier, 1960–70) was responsible for a wide range of social reforms.

On September 18, 2006, the Liberals won a majority, with 29 out of 55 seats, making 38-year old Shawn Graham the new Premier of New Brunswick.^[15]

Municipalities

Fredericton in 2006. Moncton. Saint John in Summer 2002. Main articles: List of municipalities in New Brunswick and List of communities in New Brunswick

Metropolitan Moncton (Moncton, Riverview, Dieppe), with a population of 126,424 (Canada 2006 census), is the largest urban centre in the province. Saint John is the largest city and has a metropolitan population (Saint John, Quispamsis, Rothesay) of 122,389. Greater Fredericton has a census agglomeration population of 85,000.

Moncton is the fastest-growing metropolitan area in the province and is among the top ten fastest growing urban areas in Canada. Its economy is principally based on the transportation, distribution, information technology,^[16] commercial, and retail sectors. Moncton has a sizeable Francophone Acadian minority population (35%) and became officially bilingual in 2002.

Saint John is one of the busiest shipping ports in Canada in terms of gross tonnage. Saint John has become a major energy hub for the East Coast. It is the home of Canada's biggest oil refinery and an LNG terminal has also been constructed in the city. In addition, there are both large oil-fired and nuclear power plants located in or near the city. Due to recent prosperity, the retail, commercial, and residential sectors are currently experiencing a resurgence.

Fredericton, the capital of the province, is home to the Beaverbrook Art Gallery, the University of New Brunswick, and St. Thomas University. Canada's largest military base, CFB Gagetown, is located near suburban Oromocto. The economy of Fredericton is tied to the governmental, military, and university sectors.

Education

Sir Howard Douglas Hall on the UNB Fredericton campus, currently the oldest university building still in use in Canada. Convocation Hall from the swan pond, Mount Allison University. See also: Higher education in New Brunswick and List of schools in New Brunswick

Public education in the province is administered by the Department of Education, a department of the Government of New Brunswick.

New Brunswick has a comprehensive parallel system of Anglophone and Francophone public schools providing education to both the primary and secondary levels. There are also several secular and religious private schools in the province.

The New Brunswick Community College system has campuses in all regions of the province. This comprehensive trade school system offers roughly parallel programs in both official languages at either Francophone or Anglophone campuses. Each campus, however, tends to have areas of concentration to allow for specialisation. There are also a number of private colleges for specialised training in the province, such as the Moncton Flight College, one of the top pilot-training academies in Canada.

There are four publicly funded secular universities and four private degree-granting institutions with religious affiliation in the province. The two comprehensive provincial universities are the University of New Brunswick and Université de Moncton. These institutions have extensive postgraduate programs and Schools of Law. Medical education programs are currently in development at both the Universite de Moncton and at UNBSJ in Saint John. Mount Allison University in Sackville, currently ranks as the best liberal arts university in Canada and has produced 48 Rhodes Scholars—more than any other liberal arts university in the British Commonwealth and also more than any other university in North America.

Publicly funded provincial comprehensive universities

• University of New Brunswick (Fredericton and Saint John), Anglophone
• Université de Moncton (Moncton, Shippagan, and Edmundston), Francophone

Publicly funded undergraduate liberal arts universities

• St. Thomas University (Fredericton), Anglophone
• Mount Allison University (Sackville), Anglophone

Private Christian undergraduate liberal arts university

• Crandall University (Moncton), Anglophone

Private degree granting religious training institutions

• St. Stephen's University (St. Stephen), Anglophone
• Bethany Bible College (Sussex), Anglophone
• New Brunswick Bible Institute (Hartland), Anglophone

Culture

Early New Brunswick culture was aboriginal in flavour, influenced by the native populations who made their home along the coast and riverbanks until the arrival of French-speaking (in the early 17th century) and English-speaking settlers (in the 18th century).

As described by Arthur Doyle^[17] in a paper written in 1976, an invisible line separated the two founding European cultures, beginning on the eastern outskirts of Moncton and running diagonally across the province northwest towards Grand Falls. Franco-New Brunswick (Acadie) lay to the northeast of this divide, and Anglo-New Brunswick lay to the southwest.

Doyle's statement was made not long after government reforms by former premier Louis J. Robichaud had significantly improved the status of French-speaking Acadians within the province and initiated their journey towards cultural recognition and equality with their English-speaking counterparts.

The Capitol Theatre in Moncton.

Nineteenth-century New Brunswick was influenced by colonial ties to France, England, Scotland, and Ireland as well as by its geographical proximity to New England and the arrival of about 40,000 Loyalists.

As local society was founded in forestry and seaborne endeavours, a tradition of lumber camp songs and sea chanties prevailed. Acadian cloggers and Irish and Scots step dancers competed at festivals to expressive fiddle and accordion music. The art of storytelling, well-known to the native populations, passed on to the early settlers, and poetry—whether put to music or not—was a common form of commemorating shared events, as the voice of a masterful poet or soulful musician easily conquered the province's language barriers.

Other cultural expressions were found in family gatherings and the church; both French and English cultures saw a long and early influence of ecclesiastical architecture, with Western European and American influences dominating rather than any particular vernacular sense. Poets produced the first important literary contributions in the province. Cousins Bliss Carman and Sir Charles G.D. Roberts found inspiration in the landscape of the province, as would later writers as well. In painting, individual artists such as Anthony Flower worked in obscurity, either through design or neglect. Few 19th-century artists emerged, but those who did often benefited from fine arts training at Mount Allison University in Sackville, which began classes in 1854. The program came into its own under John A. Hammond, who served from 1893 to 1916; Alex Colville and Lawren Harris later studied and taught art there. Both Christopher Pratt and Mary Pratt were trained at Mount Allison. The university’s art gallery—which opened in 1895 and is named for its patron, John Owens of Saint John—is Canada’s oldest (it actually opened in Saint John ten years earlier, but was moved to Sackville). In French-speaking New Brunswick, it would not be until the 1960s that a comparable institution was founded, the Université de Moncton. Then, a cultural renaissance occurred under the influence of Acadian historians and such teachers as Claude Roussel through coffeehouses, music, and protest; an outpouring of Acadian art, literature, and music has pressed on unabated since that time. Popular exponents of modern Acadian literature and music include Antonine Maillet and Édith Butler. The current New Brunswick Lieutenant Governor, Herménégilde Chiasson, is a poet. (See also "Music of New Brunswick").

Dr. John Clarence Webster and Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook have made important endowments to provincial museums. Dr. Webster gave his art collection to the New Brunswick Museum in 1934, thereby endowing the museum with one of its greatest assets. James Barry's Death of General Wolfe^[18] ranks as a Canadian national treasure. Courtesy of Lord Beaverbrook, the Beaverbrook Art Gallery in Fredericton has a collection of world-class art, including works of such luminaries as Salvador Dalí.

The performing arts have a long tradition in New Brunswick, dating back to travelling road shows and 19th-century opera in Saint John. The early crooner Henry Burr was discovered at the Imperial Theatre in Saint John. Based in Fredericton, the most important proponent of theatre today is Theatre New Brunswick, originally under the direction of Walter Learning, which tours plays around the province; Canadian playwright Norm Foster saw his early works premiere at TNB. Other live theatre troops include Théâtre l’Escaouette in Moncton, the Théatre populaire d'Acadie in Caraquet, and Live Bait Theatre in Sackville. All three major cities have significant performance spaces. The refurbished Imperial and Capitol Theatres are found in Saint John and Moncton, respectively; the more modern Playhouse is located in Fredericton.

In modern literature, writers Alfred Bailey and Alden Nowlan dominated the New Brunswick literary scene in the last third of the 20th century; world-renowned literary critic Northrop Frye was influenced by his upbringing in Moncton. The annual Frye Festival in Moncton celebrates his legacy. The expatriate British poet John Thompson, who settled outside Sackville, proved influential in his short-lived career. Douglas Lochhead and K. V. Johansen are other prominent writers living in the town of Sackville. David Adams Richards, born in the Miramichi, has become a well-respected Governor-General's Award-winning author. Canadian novelist, story-writer, biographer and poet, Raymond Fraser, grew up in Chatham and lives now in Fredericton.

The Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada, based in Moncton and featuring Russian and European trained dancers, has recently flourished and has started touring both nationally and internationally. Symphony New Brunswick, based in Saint John, also tours extensively in the province.

Media outlets

New Brunswick has four daily newspapers (three of which are in English), the largest being the Times & Transcript (40,000 daily), based in Moncton and serving eastern New Brunswick. Also, there is the Telegraph-Journal (37,000 daily), which serves Saint John and is distributed throughout the province, and the provincial capital daily The Daily Gleaner (25,000 daily), based in Fredericton. The French-language daily is L'Acadie Nouvelle (12,000 daily), based in Caraquet. There are also several weekly newspapers that are local in scope and based in the province's smaller towns and communities.

The three English-language dailies and the majority of the weeklies are owned and operated by Brunswick News, privately owned by J.K. Irving. The other major media group in the province is Acadie Presse, which publishes L'Acadie Nouvelle.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation has various news bureaus throughout the province, but its main Anglophone television and radio operations are centred in Fredericton. Télévision de Radio-Canada (CBC French) service is based in Moncton. Global TV is based in Halifax, with news bureaus in Fredericton, Moncton and Saint John. CTV Atlantic, the regional CTV station, is based in Halifax and has offices in Moncton, Fredericton, and Saint John.

There are many private radio stations in New Brunswick, with each of the three major cities having a dozen or more stations. Most smaller cities and towns also have one or two stations.

Photo gallery

Dickson Falls, Fundy National Park.	Mount Carleton	New Brunswick Botanical Garden	Longest covered bridge in the world, Hartland, in winter.
Boardwalk across the dunes, Bouctouche.	Fort Howe	Cape Enrage	Imperial Theatre, Saint John.
Christ Church Cathedral, Fredericton.	Grand Falls	Miramichi River	Restigouche River
Caraquet

See also

Canada portal

New Brunswick portal

	Book:Canada
Books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

• List of airports in New Brunswick
• Counties of New Brunswick
• List of New Brunswick general elections (post-Confederation)
• List of people from New Brunswick
• List of rivers of New Brunswick
• Scouting and Guiding in New Brunswick
• Royal eponyms in Canada

Notes

1. ^ New Brunswicker is the prevalent demonym, and is used by the Government of New Brunswick. According to the Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage (ISBN 0-19-541619-8; p. 335), New Brunswickian is also in use.
2. ^ Statistics Canada. "Canada's population estimates 2009-26-03". http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/090326/t090326a2-eng.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
3. ^ Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory
4. ^ Section Sixteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
5. ^ Nova Scotia Museum (1997). "Spelling Of Mi'kmaq". http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mikmaq/mikmaqsp.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
6. ^ Gerald Hallowell, ed. Oxford Companion to Canadian History (2004) p. 368-9
7. ^ Quoted in S.D. Clark, Movements of Political Protest in Canada, 1640–1840, (1959), pp. 150-51
8. ^ Hallowell, ed. Oxford Companion to Canadian History p. 369
9. ^ Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) (2001 Census)
10. ^ Population and dwelling counts, for Canada provinces and territories, 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data. Statistics Canada, 2007.
11. ^ Canada's population. Statistics Canada. Last accessed September 28, 2006.
12. ^ Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2006 Census)
13. ^ Religions in Canada
14. ^ Anglican Schism fact sheet by province compiled by CBC News.
15. ^ CBC (September 2006). "Liberals topple Lord's Tories in New Brunswick". http://www.cbc.ca/canada/new-brunswick/story/2006/09/18/nb-libwinclose.html. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
16. ^ "Final Research Report" (PDF). http://www.greatermoncton.org/uploadedfiles/Final%20Research%20Report(1).pdf.
17. ^ Arthur T. Doyle, Front Benches & Back Rooms, Green Tree (1976), p. 6
18. ^ Death of General Wolfe

References

• L.W. Bailey and D.R. Jack, Woods and Minerals of New Brunswick (Fredericton, 1876)
• William H. Benedict. New Brunswick in History (2001)
• S.D. Clark, Movements of Political Protest in Canada, 1640–1840, University of Toronto Press, 1959.
• Dallison, Robert L., Hope Restored: The American Revolution and the Founding of New Brunswick, 2003, New Brunswick Military Heritage Project, Goose Lane Editions, Fredericton, New Brunswick.
• Tim Frink, New Brunswick: A Short History (1997)
• W. Reavley Gair and Reavley W. Gair, A Literary and Linguistic History of New Brunswick (1986)
• Godfrey, W. G. "Carleton, Thomas," Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online (2000) online edition
• James Hannay, History of New Brunswick (St. John, 1909)
• William Kingsford, History of Canada (London, 1887–98)
• Greg Marquis, "Commemorating the Loyalists in the Loyalist City: Saint John, New Brunswick, 1883–1934" Urban History Review, Vol. 33, 2004
• M.H. Perley, On the Early History of New Brunswick (St. John, 1891)
• A.R.C. Selwyn and G.M. Dawson, Descriptive Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Dominion of Canada (Montreal, 1884)
• Robert Summerby-Murray, "Interpreting Deindustrialised Landscapes of Atlantic Canada: Memory and Industrial Heritage in Sackville, New Brunswick" The Canadian Geographer, Vol. 46, 2002
• William Menzies Whitelaw, The Maritimes and Canada before Confederation Oxford University Press, 1934
• A.B. Willmott, The Mineral Wealth of Canada (London, 1898)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: New Brunswick

Look up new brunswick in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Official site of the Government of New Brunswick
• New Brunswick at the Department of Canadian Heritage
• New Brunswick at the Open Directory Project
• Maritime Tourism
• Symbols of New Brunswick
• New Brunswick Museum
• New Brunswick Covered Bridges
• New Brunswick Lighthouses
• Historical and Genealogical Resources of New Brunswick historical census, birth, marriage and death records, immigration, settlement, biography, cemeteries, burial records, land records, First Nations and more
• From Louis to Lord: New Brunswick Elections, 1960–2003

Province of New Brunswick Government and politics Government • Politics • Premier of New Brunswick • Departments and agencies • Legislative Assembly • more... Geography Counties • Regions • Islands • Lakes • Mountains • Rivers • more... Culture Festivals • Museums • Music • Religion • Theatres • Visitor attractions • Acadian culture Economy and Transportation Economy of Atlantic Canada • New Brunswick based companies • Transportation • Airlines • Airports • Public transport • Provincial highways History Acadian history • Expulsion of the Acadians • National Historic Sites • Natural history • more... Related = Provinces of Canada • WikiProject New Brunswick The New Brunswick portal

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Coordinates: 46°42′N 66°7′W / 46.7°N 66.117°W)

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